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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted by a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. In the blood, the parasites travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax, while P. ovale, and P. malarial cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The zoonotic species P. knowlesi prevalent in Southeast Asia causes malaria in macaques but can also cause severe infections in humans. Antimalarial medications, also known as antimalarial, are designed to prevent or cure malaria.
OMICS International through its Open Access Initiative is committed to make genuine and reliable contributions to the scientific community. OMICS International hosted 159 open access articles Open Access articles, 283 Scientific conference Proceedings , 41 national symposiums and 167 speakers on Key word Maiaria in Global Events page. Global Events of Conference series make the perfect platform for global networking as it brings together renowned speakers and scientists across the globe to a most exciting and memorable scientific event filled with much enlightening interactive sessions, world class exhibitions ofOMICS International Conferences
Scope and Importance
It is practical to consider antimalarials by chemical structure since this is associated with important properties of each drug, such as mechanism of action. Quinine and related agents: Quinine is an alkaloid that acts as a blood schizonticidal and weak gametocide against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food vacuoles of Plasmodium species, especially Plasmodium falciparum. It acts by inhibiting the hemozoinbio crystallization, thus facilitating an aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Chloroquine: Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinolone compound with a complicated and still unclear mechanism of action. It is believed to reach high concentrations in the vacuoles of the parasite, which, due to its alkaline nature, raises the internal pH. Other potential mechanisms through which it may act include interfering with the biosynthesis of parasitic nucleic acids and the formation of a chloroquine-haem or chloroquine-DNA complex.Amodiaquine: It is a 4-aminoquinolone anti-malarial drug similar in structure and mechanism of action to chloroquine. Amodiaquine has tended to be administered in areas of chloroquine resistance while some patients prefer its tendency to cause less itching than chloroquine.Pyrimethamine: It is used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. It is particularly useful in cases of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strains when combined with sulfadoxine. It acts by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase in the parasite thus preventing the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, thereby halting the processes of DNA replication, cell division and reproduction.Proguanil: A biguanide; a synthetic derivative of pyrimidine. It has many mechanisms of action but primarily is mediated through conversion to the active metabolite cycloguanil. This inhibits the malarial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. Sulfonamides: Sulfadoxine and sulfamethoxypyridazine are specific inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway of malaria parasites. They are structural analogs of p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) and compete with PABA to block its conversion to dihydrofolic acid. Atovaquone: It is available in combination with proguanil under the name Malarone, albeit at a price higher than Lariam. It is commonly used in prophylaxis by travellers and used to treat falciparum malaria in developed countries. A liquid oral suspension of Atovaquone is available under the name Mepron.Primaquine: Primaquine is a highly active 8-aminoquinolone that is used in treating all types of malaria infection. It is most effective against gametocytes but also acts on hypnozoites, blood schizonticytes and the dormant plasmodia in P. vivax and P. ovale. It is the only known drug to cure both relapsing malaria infections and acute cases. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but it is thought to block oxidative metabolism in Plasmodia.
Market Report
70 MM people could receive a 50% efficacious vaccine priced at US$ 7 / dose in 2025 if sufficient funding is available. However, only 35% of full potential demand is likely to be funded at current donor activity levels. Number of people unable to be vaccinated at current donor activity levels increases from 1 MM people in 2019 to 47 MM people in 2025. As majority of demand for a 50% efficacious vaccine are from high burden, low income countries. Demand for an 80% efficacious vaccine as high as 154 mm people in 2025 with unconstrained funding. Funding unconstrained demand for highest efficacy vaccine considered is 300% that of the lowest efficacy vaccine considered. 60% of demand for a 50% efficacious vaccine from Africa. However, at 80% efficacy significant uptake (63% of demand) outside of Africa. Advocacy and implementation support from donors could lead to 140 mm more people vaccinated in 2025. US$ 7 vaccine can be fully funded till 2019, us$ 2 vaccine can be fully funded throughout.
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This page was last updated on April 19, 2024